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Synopsis
Electronic document management has great potential to benefit a
small firm, because every efficiency counts when staffing is
limited. This article explores ways in which simple software tools
can reduce the amount of time and paper spent on document
production and processing, and can improve communications with
clients and contractors as well.
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At my architecture firm, which specializes in smaller projects, I
am the lead designer, secretary, bookkeeper, draftsman, IT manager,
and janitor. Although I love doing these jobs, I've found that
efficiency at each of them is critical to working them all
successfully. Almost all the duties in an architectural office
involve documents of some sort, either drawings or memos produced
by office staff; or letters, submittals, and RFIs received from
contractors and owners. In the course of processing all this
paper--generating, mailing, filing, and throwing it out--I began to
understand the potential savings, both in time and material costs,
of converting most of these documents to an electronic form.
In the discussion below, I will first cover some of the ways in
which electronic documents can be used in a small office without
investing in major new technologies or an all-encompassing, rigid
system. These procedures can be implemented incrementally, as
needed and when they are really helpful. In the final part of the
article I will touch briefly on the technical means of
implementation.
The Less-Paper Office
We've all heard, at various times in the past
decade or so, about the "paperless office." I don't work in one,
and I hope I never will. Paper is a great thing, and it is well
suited to many tasks. But where I've found that it improves my
efficiency at work, I have made an effort to reduce the amount of
paper that comes in and goes out of the office. The methods are
simple:
- I have slowly migrated most correspondence to e-mail. An e-mail
message works best for basic communications--a question or comment,
for instance. Organizing and saving all these messages is the
tricky part. Devising a functional and searchable system is
important.
- For documents that require special formatting, such as meeting
notes, contract forms, or change orders, the Portable Document
Format (PDF) is a great solution. Clients, consultants, and
contractors are all familiar with the Adobe Acrobat Reader, and
they are able to read and print documents in this format. And when
they do print it out, it's on their paper, not mine. I'll deal with
methods of creating PDF files later in this article.
- I generate invoices from my accounting software as PDFs and
e-mail them to all my clients. This saves on paper, and e-mail
receipts can be requested when necessary to verify that a client
has received or read the invoice.
- Recently I have also started producing all my drawings (large
and small format) as PDF files. This allows me to e-mail check
plots to clients or to deliver final documents to them in a format
that they can easily print themselves at Kinko's or any blueprint
shop, even if they don't have my pen settings or any other
technical information.
- I also generate PDF files from my three-dimensional rendering
software and e-mail these to clients for quick sign-offs on design
concepts. Raster (bitmap) images are compressed in PDF files, and a
high-quality rendering can be made quite compact for e-mailing and
on-screen viewing.
- All faxes sent to my office are captured on my computer, and
then I convert them to PDF if needed. This makes it easy to forward
a fax to someone else as an e-mail attachment. It also saves paper
on junk faxes, which can just be deleted from the computer without
being printed.
- I use the fax modem on my computer to send documents to people
who do not have e-mail. Usually I print directly from Acrobat to
the fax, thus bypassing paper again.
The time savings to e-mail a PDF file to four people rather than
copy, address, stamp, and mail four sets of a paper documents is
substantial. The cost savings in postage and stationery is easily a
dollar or two per mailing. That adds up, and who can really
remember (or bring themselves) to bill the client for it?
The Low-Budget Extranet
In the last few years I have been following with interest the
developments in project extranets such as Buzzsaw, as they have
promised time and money savings for architects. But these sites
have always seemed oriented to larger projects with budgets to
support the hosting company's overhead. For small projects it is
hard to justify the cost and complexity of a full-blown extranet
solution. However, some of the features of project extranets,
especially during the bidding process, would be very helpful for
small projects.
Recently I implemented a simplified version of a project extranet
for an addition to a Montessori preschool and kindergarten. This
job was competitively bid to invited general contractors. My
engineering consultants and I all produced our documents (drawings
and specs) as PDF files. We posted the bidding documents to a
special password-protected page on my firm's Web site so that
bidders or subs and suppliers could view the documents without
having to go to a plan room. The files are located at
www.jt-architecture.com/methods/bidding/childrenshouse/index.htm
(to log on to the site, leave the username blank and enter password
children).
This system was especially helpful when issuing addenda, as I could
post an addendum on the site and send an e-mail to all bidders
notifying them of the new posting. They and their subs were able to
see the addendum immediately, and I did not have to fax or mail
multi-page documents to each of them.
An unexpected advantage of generating our drawings in PDF form
appeared when we created our checksets as PDFs in order to test the
system. Adobe Acrobat has markup tools for PDF files, including
redlines and comments. I was able to review and comment on all my
consultants' drawings without ever paying for check plots, and the
drawings could be easily and quickly exchanged via e-mail. Also I
could type my verbose notes instead of writing them--always a
pleasure! To view a sample markup sheet, go to:
http://www.jt-architecture.com/methods/bidding/childrenshouse/markup.pdf
(password is same as noted above). To read the note text,
double-click on the "post-its" that you see on screen.
The Web page was used the most during bidding, although I have kept
it active because every so often I need to refer a supplier to this
page. In this project, though, we don't really need a central site
and e-mail works just fine. If there were project participants who
wanted to check in on our progress at certain times but did not
need to be copied on every bit of correspondence, we could post
relevant documents on the site for review. In addition to its low
cost, the value of this simple extranet is its simplicity.
Electronic construction administration
documents
One requirement of the project manual for the Montessori preschool
was that the owner and contractor would purchase Adobe Acrobat and
use it to generate and approve project-related correspondence (see
section 01310 of the online project manual for specifics). Although
the project has been under construction for only a couple of
months, this has been very successful. We have been using the
system in several ways:
- I typically send out all supplemental drawings or memos as PDFs
attached to e-mails, so the contractor gets a clear copy
immediately.
- The contractor prepares pay requests from AIA electronic
documents and prints them as PDFs, then applies digital signatures
using Acrobat. These are then e-mailed to me, and I approve them
with a digital signature before forwarding them to the owner and
back to the contractor. In this way, the approval time for pay
requests goes from days to hours. We can all electronically verify
each other's approval (Acrobat has the infrastructure in place for
secure digital signatures) and these signatures are legally
binding.
- Change orders are also generated as PDFs. The owner, architect,
and contractor sign the change order with a digital signature as it
is circulated via e-mail. Again, approval time can be cut to a
matter of hours with no need for a meeting.
- Submittals could be processed electronically, but we have not
done this yet. Submittal processing requires that the subcontractor
and supplier be on board with this system, and so far that has
proven to be more work than the time savings would justify. It
would be easy to do, though, with the markup and stamping features
provided by Acrobat.
In comparison to an extranet site like Buzzsaw, this type of
system is more distributed and more flexible. It depends on e-mail
and on people keeping copies of the files on their own computers
rather than on everyone looking to a central server to store and
display the documents. The obvious advantages and drawbacks
apply.
Future Directions
The measures described above, as implemented at my office in the
past year, have significantly improved my productivity. When I look
at the remaining paper-based procedures in the office, though, I
can identify four areas that could benefit from conversion to an
electronic format.
Digital signatures on construction
documents
As illustrated in the Montessori preschool project, my office
generates construction documents electronically. However, the
printed drawings submitted to codes are still signed by hand. If we
could instead apply digital signature to the PDF files, it would
allow them to be securely emailed or printed anywhere without a
"wet stamp" or signature. For more information on this subject,
refer to www.jt-architecture.com/methods/ds_architecture.pdf.
Although we use digital signatures for change orders and pay
requests, to apply this technology to construction documents we
must address some specific requirements of state licensing boards.
Digitally stamping and signing of architectural documents is legal
in Tennessee (although each state has its own requirements). As far
as I know, however, no one in our state is currently using digital
signatures in a manner consistent with the state board rules. This
is an issue that I hope to pursue further in the next year.
- Electronic measurements
Once the PDF documents have been sent to the contractor or bidder,
extracting useful information from these documents in electronic
form is sometimes a challenge. Bidders usually have to print the
documents out to do take-offs or other estimating tasks. In
response to this problem I have developed a plug-in tool for Adobe
Acrobat and Reader that will allow contractors and owners to make
accurate distance and area measurements from PDF drawings. This
plug-in is available online at www.linetype.com. My hope is that this
plug-in will allow more extensive use of CDs in their electronic
form.
- Submittals
As mentioned earlier, submittals could be processed electronically,
and doing so would realize considerable savings. I have always been
amazed that I have to write all my notes out three times when
reviewing a submittal; by commenting on a PDF file, it could be
done once and then returned to the contractor immediately.
- Payments
Although I already pay my phone bill and Internet charges
electronically, I still write out checks and print envelopes for
payments to consultants, the reprographer, and the courier service.
If we could all get registered on paypal.com or some similar
service, bills could be paid and received much more quickly. There
is no technical obstacle here, it's just a matter of convincing
people to change.
Technical Summary and Resources
Firms that do small-project work usually do not have the support
staff or the money for a complicated electronic document management
system. The software and services listed here are all low cost,
off-the-shelf solutions.
- Adobe Acrobat (not the free Acrobat Reader) is the best way to
produce and edit PDF files, either from typical office applications
or from CAD software. It sells for $249 from the Adobe Web site
and various software vendors. If you plan on doing anything
significant with PDF files, it is well worth the money.
- In an office where several people might be creating PDF files
and not everyone needs all the features of Acrobat, there are
lower-cost, simpler solutions. See www.linetype.com/advice/pdfcreation for a
summary.
- For more information on producing PDF documents from CAD
software, visit www.linetype.com/advice/cad. Also see the
link above on PDF creation tools.
- When you send a PDF file to someone as an e-mail attachment, it
is considerate to include a link to the free Acrobat Reader
download, just in case they don't have it installed or if they have
an old version. The download site is www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html
- A fax machine that can connect to your computer is a real
asset. Incoming faxes can then be captured on the computer rather
than printed, and outgoing faxes can be sent directly from your
computer just by printing to the fax "printer" driver. Multi-page
paper documents can also be scanned using the fax machine page
feeder. This works fine for 400 dpi, black and white scans that can
then be converted to PDFs. The fax machine can also serve as a
printer if you need it.
- Regular backups of your disk drive are always a good idea, but
when the majority of your documents are electronic it is even more
important. Invest in a backup system with enough capacity to save
your entire drive every day, and consider using multiple tapes (one
for each day of the week) for redundancy. The very first time you
need it, you will consider it well worth the cost.
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